APWH Chapter 14 Flashcard

APWH Chapter 14

pathophysiology

pathophysiology Free Online Research Papers Pathophysiology of Pneumonia Pneumonia is an infection in the lower respiratory tract that causes to inflammation of the lung parenchyma leading to a situation in which the alveoli, especially in the lobes, interstitial tissue, and bronchioles become edematous and filled with fluid. Pneumonia begins with aspiration of organisms, either from the air when someone coughs or sneezes or via oropharyngeal secretions, into the lower respiratory tract. If the pathogen that enters the lungs overwhelms the alveolar macrophages the immune system is activated, leading to invasion of lung tissue by macrophages and other inflammatory mediators. This inflammatory process leads to decreased lung ventilation of the affected areas due to cellular infiltration and congestion. The filling of the alveoli with exudates or consolidation causes them to collapse. The resulting pneumonia can cause acute hypoxemia, which exacerbates such conditions as pulmonary hypertension and dilates the right ventricle, leading to cor pulmonale (Huether McCance, 2008). Pathophysiology of Cor Pulmonale Cor pulmonale is also called pulmonary heart disease or right-sided heart failure. The pathophysiology of cor pulmonale is linked to left-sided heart failure. â€Å"Right heart failure can result from left heart failure when an increase in left ventricular filling pressure is reflected back into the pulmonary circulation. As pressure in the pulmonary circulation rises, the resistance to right ventricular emptying increases. The right ventricle is poorly prepared to compensate for this increased afterload and will dilate and fail† (Huether McCance, p656, 2008). Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) involves a complex pathophysiology resulting in insulin resistance or decreased beta cell responsiveness or both. Normally, insulin is secreted when levels of glucose in the blood increase. Insulin secretion diminishes in response to low blood levels of glucose (Ibid, 2008). DMT2 occurs when there is cellular resistance to the action of insulin. This leads to increased levels of glucose in the blood, causing a variety of complications within the body. One of these complications is immunosuppression (Vardakas, Siempos, Falagas, p1168, 2007). As a result, the diabetic is prone to diseases such as pneumonia. In addition, DMT2 has several adverse effects on the cardiovascular system â€Å"including endothelial damage, thickening of the vessel wall, increased inflammation†¦ and decreased production of endothelial-derived vasodilators such as nitric oxide. Diabetes is also associated with dyslipidemia† (Huether McCance, p624, 2008). These conditions are all associated with hypertension, which can lead to left-ventricular hypertrophy (Ibid, p611, 2008) and/ or failure and ultimately right-sided heart failure (cor-pulmonale) (Ibid, p655, 2008). Research Papers on pathophysiologyLifes What IfsGenetic EngineeringNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceStandardized TestingThe Hockey GamePersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyTwilight of the UAWHip-Hop is ArtAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Three Concepts of Psychodynamic

Macroenvironmental Impact on the Company Product Sales Essay

Macroenvironmental Impact on the Company Product Sales - Essay Example This is because they affect the sales of an item or service in one way or the other. Therefore, before Monster Corp launches Monster Gum in the market, it is imperative that it carries out an analysis on the impacts of microenvioronment on the sales of its product. The objective of this paper is to explore the microenviornmental components; demographic, environmental, economic and cultural factors will likely impact on the sales of â€Å"Monster Gum.† Demographics One area of particular interest with regard to market analysis is the demographics. This is refers to population trend study such as population size and movement; birth and death rates; gender, age and ethnic origin (Elearn 85). All these components that make up demographics will affect Monster Corp’s sales of the monster gum. For instance, the company is mainly targeting a specific age group in the society which is 18 to 30 years. This implies that as these group ages out, the sales of the product will likely reduce. In fact, it means that, in case this population age group is faced out, then the company will likely face a closure since the target age group will no longer be there to sell to. On the other hand, the company would likely to gain in areas with high population size of the age group that is targeted. Environment Environment in this case is described as macro and community level factors such as legal, physical, and policy factors that influence individuals and household decisions. Environment influences diet in many households (Hitchner 89). The impacts of caffeine on differ from one individual to the next. Therefore, so people would only prefer products that have no caffeine in them thus affecting the sales. On the other hand, health issues have become a major area of concern as many people become so sensitive to the diets. As a result, some individuals perceive caffeine to pose serious health issue and would, therefore, not want to consume. This affects the sales of the pro duct. Legal issue such as government policies may also affect the sale of the product. This can either be negative or positive. For instance, government assistance in the form of subsidies and loans may fledge the company grow and help it keep its costs low for customers. This will result to an increased sale of the product (Ginter and Duncan 96). However, the impact may also be negative in a situation where it imposes a regulation that increases costs. This will make the company adjust its prices up making the product expensive. This in turn, will scare away consumers who will find it better look for other substitutes that are cheaper thus, affecting the sales of monster gum. Economic Factors There are a number of economic factors that may impact on the company’s product sales. For instance, the growth of a country, unemployment, and the capacity to get funding are all economic factors, just as the exchange rates, interest rates, inflation and per capita income (Gimbert 51). These factors usually exist in the day-today operation of a company or business. For instance, the existence of high unemployment rate in a country will affect the purchasing power of individuals thus leading to a decreased sale of monster gum. High inflation and interest rates of in an economy will make Monster Corp adjust to the economic situation. However, the increase in prices due to increase in inflation and int

Breastfeeding for the First Time Mother Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Breastfeeding for the First Time Mother - Essay Example hat are Health care professionals (fellow nurses etc.), English speaking, have delivered their first baby, and are postpartum in an inpatient hospital unit. They will be mothers that have requested a course and are coming of their own free will. Availability of resources has been a major issue for educators, as lack of resources often causes ineffective outcomes. However, in order to deliver classes efficiently, there will be need of various resources. In specific, during the classes, I will be focusing significantly in utilizing the tools of information technology that will enable me in achieving the objectives for this course in an efficient and interactive manner. Additionally, it will be a lot easier to inform the audience about different aspects of breastfeeding, and especially first-time breastfeeding through equipments such as multimedia projector that will be the fundamental support in delivering content of the course adequately and significantly. It will allow me to show pictures and power point presentations from a computer and actively engage the audience with the information. Besides a multimedia projector, a dry erase board is another resourceful tool that will allow on the spot discussions and noting down of r elevant points during the class. Using secondary research methodology to acquire quality resources from the library and from the internet will be very beneficial for me in delivering the class effectively, as well as for the audience to understand the matter appropriately. Specifically, the internet will allow me to acquire pictures and videos that will facilitate me in delivering the information to mothers that will not be in my reach through the medium of language. Sources from the internet that I plan to utilize are the International Board of Lactation Consultant Examiners (IBLCE, 2010) resource page, as well as the La Leche League (LLLI, 2010) resource page on their respective websites. From these websites, one gold standard reference -

Apple Company Essay Example for Free

Apple Company Essay As we did the research for Apple Company, we could found out that Apple Company is well developed in a way of their products and services towards the users. Apple had innovated their products and taking the lead of the other company like Nokia, Sony Ericsson, LG and so on by its own touch screen hand phone technology selling on market to be one of the most influential in the share market of the nationwide. As to be seen, Apple focuses its strength on building up their branding power and penetrates this power into the community of wide public. Sales of its notebooks products are very strong, and represent a huge contribution to income for Apple. Other than that, to be mentioning Apple’s weaknesses it would be the faulty screen from the Ipod Nano and its faulty batteries, ever since Apple is about to switch their chip supplier from IBM to Intel, the industry specialist would say that it might confuse the consumer. While about the opportunity contains within the Apple, they would develop ITunes and music player technology into a phone format, is to be say as the new technologies and strategic alliances offer opportunities for Apple. This work done by comparing the Apple and Microsoft of their features and specification, the complete user experience that they providing to the users from whole wide world and stacking up to against other operating system such as Linux. The Apple has fulfill the criteria of what Sun Zi had said the advantages of arriving the battlefield first will have sufficient time to prepare for the enemies.

Grapes Of Wrath :: essays research papers

During the Dust Bowl, hundreds of thousands of southerners faced many hardships, which is the basis of the novel called The Grapes of Wrath. John Steinback wrote this fiction novel to portray the harsh conditions during the Dust Bowl. However, is the portrayal of the Dust Bowl in The Grapes of Wrath valid? When one considers the merit of this novel, one thinks, how can Americans treat other Americans so horribly. After reviewing American History, the mistreatment of the "Okies" in The Grapes of Wrath can be concluded as being valid. After slavery, blacks were terribly treated. During the Civil War, Americans were divided. During the Red Scare, Americans mistrusted other Americans. These three different periods of U.S. history display how Americans can treat fellow Americans so cruelly. 	African Americans were terribly treated after slavery. Although they were Americans just like the whites, many of the whites hated them because they were different. One example of mistreatment of the African Americans was segregation, which was the division of local places by race. The blacks were thought to be so "dirty", and the whites were scared of them. The whites did not want the blacks to mix with the whites. Public areas such as schools were segregated so the blacks and whites went to different schools. It was like the whites wanted to rid the U.S. of the blacks. In The Grapes of Wrath, the Californians wanted to rid the "dirty" Okies from California because they were afraid of them. They were afraid that the Okies would take their land. Blacks were also beaten for no just reason. Racial group such as the KKK, beat up blacks because they hated the blacks. They wanted the blacks to go away or die. In The Grapes of Wrath, Okies were unjustly beaten. The California police beat them for no just reason because they wanted the Okies to leave the state. The police killed Casey for no just reason. They killed him just because they thought the was a Okie fighting for more rights. The Californians did not like the Okies even though they were Americans, just like how the Blacks were not liked by the whites, even though they were Americans. White mistreatment of African Americans was not the only Americans mistreatment of Americans; there was also the infamous Red Scare. The Red Scares is another situation in which Americans mistreated Americans.

Functionalism: Sociology and Social Order

The functionalist model of how society works has many limitations and few strengths. ’’ Explain and also asses this view. By Sadhana sanba In the study of sociology, functionalist perspective is a view of society that focuses on the way various parts of society have functions and live in a ‘consensus’ that maintain the stability and social order of the whole. Functionalist model of how society works tends to focus to be an organized, stable, well integrated system , in which most members agree on basic values which is as called’ ‘value consensus’.However, functionalist theory alongside the other school of theories such as marrxism (conflict theory) and interactionism is criticized for having many limitsaitons of explaining thew social phenomenon of its working. Herbert spencer an early functionalist and later emile Durkheim compares the working of society to the organic analogy and the way a biological organisms works. Any organisms has a structure- that is , a set of inter-related components, such as head, limbs, a heart lungs and so on.Each of these parts has functions – that is a positive and need consequence for the whole system. In th3ee same way, spencer argued , a society has structure. Its inter-related parts are family, religion, values and norms, social elements and so on. Ideally,hence, each of these componenets also has a function that contributes to the overall stability of social system. However, the analogy has many . limmits. it is difficult for example to compare the way organisms grow to the way society grows and change. Is therea social equivalent to the DNA the genetic program present in every species?Does a society really have a series of complementary institution together to make the whole function smoothly to the mutual benefit of all? Although, Modern-structural-functionalism does not press the analogy between a society and an organism and has subsequently been much refined and modifi ed, however, the functionalist view of how society works still has few strength only Talcott Parson(1951) argues that any society has four functional needs or pre-requisites that need to be met for it to survive: these are adaptation ,goal attainment, integration and latency (AGIL).However , his model of society’s working has been havily criticized for being bland abd fruitless by the way arsons went about examining society. Parsons also tried to show how consensus based on shared values is essential to social order. He also concluded that the stratified system is crucial in mainting consensus in society which, in the other way, conflict theory of karl marx describes as ‘inequality’.Parsons and Durkheim evidently saw social inequality ‘stratification’ as a necessary and universal feature of society and that inequality could be mitigated by the prevalence of social mobility completely disregarding the fact that social inquality in a society is a key s ource of social conflict and dominancy. Also, the functional view of assuming the existence of a meritocratic society i. e, a society where everyone has a equal chance og achieving high social status and reward is not contextual.This kind of role and effects only works if many other features of society are ignored and even distorted.. here, Melvin Tumin (1953) argues that how and why are some social position assumed to be functionally more important than others ? Who decided and how ? The concept of ‘functional satisfication is value laden and deciding which postions are functionally more important than others cannot be done objectively for example the payment that the top football stars in the Uk and the earnings of the prime minister in the same country. The players ears six times mored than the political figure .Hence, society always cannot be induced by the material rewards and functional theory maybe dysfunctional and damaging it may generate conflict and antagonism betwe en social strata rather than furthering social integration to which Weberain view explains the dynamics of stratification in modern society with existence of conflicts between owners and workers creating white collar and blue collar workers. Functional view of creating social order an important model of society ,has been criticized for its limitation on the fact that it serves only the selfish ambitions of the rich and powerful.As Durkhein believes t hat society is in its essence its moral codes . The rules and order, the degree competitiveness between people and governmental conducts help to cement and build social order he called them the mechanical and organic principles of solidarity . The description of ‘mechanical solidarity and ‘organic solidarity’ provides insides about the basic way of forming social order in society which in face Max Weber argues is more applicable and impliable only in the industrial complex societies and is criticized by Marx for disre garding the poor , economically weak and ‘proletariat’ as in his words, society.Hence, the phenomenon of ‘collective conscience’ and ‘value consensus’ the functionalist theory implies in one way or other inherently conservative that is focused only on a particular social theme. It does not consider that order and conflict exist side by side and as Marx says is achieved through the domination by the few over the many, and that domination is possible because it reflects the economic circumstances of the groups which is constantly unstable as it is based on equality and continuing conflict of interest between those who own the means of production and who don’t.In the same way interactionist view of how society works emphasizes that members of societies are not just constrained in their everyday lives by moral codes or by economic relationships but that each individual are actors in each situation they negotiate or confront to which is also simplifiedly said ‘situational interaction’ Hence, functionlist perspective is limited with logical problem it embraces,if something in society is recurrent, functionlist say that it must be meeting a need.Functionalism lacks any real power to explain social change or changes. It leans heavily towards describing society in a stable condition and seems to emphasizes the status- quo: the media reflect all views, women are domestically oriented, marriages are happy, all individualist are ladened by values and norms that they internalize confining into it to create social order and so on.Functionalist risk the temptation of dismissing disruptive changes as dysfunctional, even if those changes are necessary, inevitable and beneficial in the long run However functionalist theory perspective is useful in explaining the functions or consequences, that a given element has in society which contribute the stability of the social system as a whole and hence, therefore, insights hum an beings of their existence and role in a society. Posted byingsamaat9:06 AM 1 comment: 1. BuzzerOctober 9, 2011 9:31 AM It really helped me a lot. ReplyDelete Add comment